/* The Grid ---------------------- */
.ie8 .row { width: 980px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 768px; margin: 0 auto; }
.ie8 .row .row { width: auto; max-width: none; min-width: 0; margin: 0 -15px; }
.ie8 .row.large-collapse .column, 
.ie8 .row.large-collapse .columns { padding: 0; }
.ie8 .row .row { width: auto; max-width: none; min-width: 0; margin: 0 -15px; }
.ie8 .row .row.large-collapse { margin: 0; }

.ie8 .column, .columns { float: left; min-height: 1px; padding: 0 15px; position: relative; }
.ie8 .column.large-centered, .columns.large-centered { float: none; margin: 0 auto; }

.ie8 [class*="column"] + [class*="column"]:last-child { float: right; }
.ie8 [class*="column"] + [class*="column"].end { float: left; }

.ie8 .large-1, 
.ie8 .row .large-1 { width: 8.33333%; }

.ie8 .large-2, 
.ie8 .row .large-2 { width: 16.66667%; }

.ie8 .large-3, 
.ie8 .row .large-3 { width: 25%; }

.ie8 .large-4, 
.ie8 .row .large-4 { width: 33.33333%; }

.ie8 .large-5, 
.ie8 .row .large-5 { width: 41.66667%; }

.ie8 .large-6, 
.ie8 .row .large-6 { width: 50%; }

.ie8 .large-7, 
.ie8 .row .large-7 { width: 58.33333%; }

.ie8 .large-8, 
.ie8 .row .large-8 { width: 66.66667%; }

.ie8 .large-9, 
.ie8 .row .large-9 { width: 75%; }

.ie8 .large-10, 
.ie8 .row .large-10 { width: 83.33333%; }

.ie8 .large-11, 
.ie8 .row .large-11 { width: 91.66667%; }

.ie8 .large-12,
.ie8 .row .large-12 { width: 100%; }

.ie8 .row .large-offset-1 { margin-left: 8.33333%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-2 { margin-left: 16.66667%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-3 { margin-left: 25%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-4 { margin-left: 33.33333%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-5 { margin-left: 41.66667%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-6 { margin-left: 50%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-7 { margin-left: 58.33333%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-8 { margin-left: 66.66667%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-9 { margin-left: 75%; }
.ie8 .row .large-offset-10 { margin-left: 83.33333%; }

.ie8 .pull-2 { right: 16.66667%; }
.ie8 .pull-3 { right: 25%; }
.ie8 .pull-4 { right: 33.33333%; }
.ie8 .pull-5 { right: 41.66667%; }
.ie8 .pull-6 { right: 50%; }
.ie8 .pull-7 { right: 58.33333%; }
.ie8 .pull-8 { right: 66.66667%; }
.ie8 .pull-9 { right: 75%; }
.ie8 .pull-10 { right: 83.33333%; }

.ie8 .push-2 { left: 16.66667%; }
.ie8 .push-3 { left: 25%; }
.ie8 .push-4 { left: 33.33333%; }
.ie8 .push-5 { left: 41.66667%; }
.ie8 .push-6 { left: 50%; }
.ie8 .push-7 { left: 58.33333%; }
.ie8 .push-8 { left: 66.66667%; }
.ie8 .push-9 { left: 75%; }
.ie8 .push-10 { left: 83.33333%; }

/* Nicolas Gallagher's micro clearfix */
.ie8 .row { *zoom: 1; }
.ie8 .row:before, .row:after { content: " "; display: table; }
.ie8 .row:after { clear: both; }


.ie8 .menu.left .menu-item a {
  padding: 0 8px;
}

.ie8 .menu.left .menu-item a:after, .ie8 .right.menu-icns li a:after {
  border: inset 5px;
  border-color: #717171 #717171 #717171 #000  !important;
  border-top-style: solid;
}

.ie8 .menu.left .menu-item :hover a:after, .ie8 .right.menu-icns li:hover a:after {
  border: inset 5px;
  border-color: #000 #000 #000 #000  !important;
  border-top-style: solid;
}

.ie8 .right.menu-icns {
  padding-top: 10px;
}

.ie8 .top-bar-section .has-dropwdown > a, .ie8 .top-bar-section .has-dropwdown > A {
  padding-right: 5px !important;
}


.ie8 .menu.left .menu-item .dropdown .menu-depth-2 a {
  color: #333;
}

.ie8 .row.header-options .columns {
  padding: 0 7px;
}


.ie8 nav.top-bar, .ie8 .top-bar-section .menu-item a, .ie8 .right.menu-icns > li a  {
  background-color: #717171 !important;
}

.ie8 .top-bar-section .menu-item a:hover, .ie8 .right.menu-icns > li a:hover {
  background: #272727 !important;
}

.ie8 .header-btns {
  padding-right: 10px !important;
  padding-left: 10px !important;
}

.ie8 .header-btns strong, .ie8 .header-btns span {
  font-size: 14px;
}


.ie8 .side-nav.secondary-menu li {
  padding-top: 7px;
  padding-bottom: 7px;
}


.ie8 .banner-menu {
  left: 16% !important;
}

.ie8 .speaker-wrap ul.speaker-img li {
  height: auto !important;
}

.ie8 .speaker-wrap ul.speaker-img {
  height: 110px !important;
}

.ie8 .right.menu-icns {
  display: none;
}

.ie8 ul {
  margin-left: 20px;
}


/** CUSTOM FIXES - Copyright Informa ltd 2015 Farhad Baboo **/

.chromeframe {
  background: yellow;
  text-align: center;
  padding-top: 10px;
  padding-bottom: 10px;
}

.no-csstransforms3d .branded-header-bottom, 
.ie8 .desktop-menu .menu li.has-dropdown:after,
.ie8 .home .share-menu .post-share,
.ie8 .home .byline-default .post-share {
  display: none !important;
}

.ie8 .desktop-menu .menu li a {
  font-weight: normal;
}

.ie8 .login-menu li a {
  font-size: 14px;
}

.ie8 .carousel-section .grid-panel .grid-content h3 small {
  font-size: 100%;
}

.ie8 .tab-box .tab-content .content-wrap h4 {
  font-size: 110%;
}

.ie8 .desktop-menu .menu ul li ul {
  top: 34px;
}

.ie8 .rc-full-profile .article-view p {
  font-weight: normal !important;
  padding-left: 20px;
  padding-right: 20px;
  margin-top: 15px;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
} 

.ie8 .rc-full-profile .article-view hr {
  margin-top: 15px;
  margin-bottom: 15px;
}

.ie8 .archive .post-date {
  font-size: 13px;
}

.ie8 .article-view h2,
.ie8 .article-view .article-author,
.ie8 .article-view p {
  margin-bottom: 20px;
}

.ie8 .article-view p {
  font-size: 13px;
}

.ie8 .analysis-col .analysis-snippet .analysis-content p,
.carousel-section .grid-panel .grid-content .grid-byline h4 small {
  font-size: 12px;
  font-weight: normal;
}

.ie8 .footer-address span {
  font-size: 100%;
}

.ie8 .news-col .summary.news-snippet .snippet-text {
  border: 1px solid #ccc;
}

.ie8 .analysis-col .analysis-snippet {
  width: 80%;
  margin-left: 10%; 
}

.ie8 .analysis-col .analysis-snippet .analysis-byline li,
.ie8 .news-col .post-date,
.ie8 .video-highlight .video-info small,
.video-highlight .video-info .post-date  {
  font-size: 12px;
}

.ie8 footer .footer-address, .ie8 footer .footer-links {
  text-align: left !important;
  margin-top: 0;
  font-size: 11px; 
}

.ie8 .desktop-menu .menu ul li a {
  padding-left: 1em;
  padding-right: 1em;
}


.ie8 .analysis-col .analysis-snippet .analysis-content h3 {
  font-size: 14px;
}


.ie8 .page-push {
  padding-top: 8%;
}

.ie8 .usp-boxes {
  height: 190px;
  margin-bottom: 0 !important;
}

.no-rgba .carousel-overlay, 
.carousel-section .grid-panel .grind-content h4,
.ie8 .video-highlight .responsive.slider .slick-prev,
.ie8 .video-highlight .responsive.slider .slick-next,
.ie8 .video-highlight .responsive.slider .slick-prev:hover,
.ie8 .video-highlight .responsive.slider .slick-next:hover {
  background:transparent;
  filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#40000000,endColorstr=#40000000); 
  zoom: 1;
}

.ie8 .news-col .news-snippet, .ie8 .analysis-snippet, .ie8 .insights-col .tab-box.right  {
  margin-bottom: 35px;
}

.ie8 footer .small-6 {
  width: 50%;
}

.ie8 img.ft-telecoms,
.ie8 footer .footer-address, .ie8 footer .footer-links li {
  float: left;
}

.ie8 footer .footer-links li,
.ie8 footer .footer-links li:first-child {
  clear: none;
  width: 12%;
  float: left;
  font-size: 11px;
  text-align: center;
}

.ie8 footer .footer-links li:first-child {
  text-align: left;
  width: 25%;
}

.ie8 footer .footer-address {
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 11px;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
}

.ie8 img.ft-itm {
  float: right;
}

.ie8 .tweet .article-view p:first-child {
  font-weight: normal;
}

.ie8 .search-tab .search-field {
  height: 32px;
}

.ie8 .desktop-menu .menu ul > li a {
  padding-top: 0.4em;
  padding-bottom: 0.4em; 
}